联大学堂信阳师范大学英语语言学网上考试答案
| The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, call __________. |
| A.the neurons B.nerve pathways C.cerebral cortex D.sensory organs |
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| Our linguistic ability is a ________ gift of the species' gene program. |
| A.chemical B.physical C.scientific D.biological |
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| Semantic ____ is a process in which a word losses its former meaning and requires a new, sometimes related, meaning. |
| A.Broading B.Shift C.Narrowing D.use |
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| which of the following is the most important function of language? |
| A.interpersonal function B.performative function C.informative function D.recreational function |
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| A linguistic ________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the 'polite' society from general use. |
| A.slang B.euphemism C.jargon D.taboo |
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| In first language acquisition children usually ________ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear. |
| A.use B.accept C.generalize D.reconstruct |
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| A ____vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. |
| A.back B.central C.front D.middle |
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| When a _____ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, it becomes a creole.（本题1.0分） |
| A.ligua franca B.contact language C.local language D.pidgin |
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| Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957. |
| A.Bloomfield B.Saussure C.Chomsky D.Halliday |
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| “-s” in the word “books” is ____. |
| A.a derivational affix B.a stem C.an inflectional affix D.a root |
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| _____ ln a person's speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communication. |
| A.regional variation B.change in emotions C.variation in connotations D.stylistic variation |
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| ____ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. |
| A.phones B.sounds C.phonemes D.speech sounds |
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| The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ______. |
| A.use of words B.use of structure C.accent D.morphemes |
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| _____is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. |
| A.Morphology B.Syntax C.Lexical D.semantics |
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| In the following four choices, ____ is a pair of homophone. |
| A.sight and site B.lead (n.) and lead (v.) C.wind (n.)and wind(v.) D.blue and blown |
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| In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e., ______. |
| A.Things and reference B.Thought and reference C.Views and ideas D.Words and phrases |
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| Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of ___________. |
| A.human brain B.human vocal cords C.human memory D.human |
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| In Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something, in other words, the consequence of , or the change brought about by the utterance. |
| A.Speech B.illocutionary C.Perlocutionary D.locutionary |
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| _______ means that certain authorites, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries. |
| A.language interference B.language change C.language planning D.language transfer |
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| The _______ of the learner's interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction. |
| A.acculturation B.fossilization C.motivation D.correction |
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| ____ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way in English. |
| A.inflectional affixes B.free morpheme C.derivational affixes D.stems |
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| The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of _____rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences. |
| A.Morphological B.Grammatical C.Linguistic D.sound |
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| “Alive” and “dead” are ____. |
| A.Gradable antonyms B.Relational antonyms C.Complementary antonyms D.None of the above |
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| There is a gradation of ________ ranging a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal. |
| A.dialect B.register C.variation D.slang |
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| According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. |
| A.parole B.performance C.langue D.language |
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| Sense and reference are two related _____ different aspects of meaning. |
| A.But B.And C.Or D.As well as |
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| The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the ____ of that phoneme. |
| A.phones B.sounds C.phonemes D.allophones |
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| Unlike animal communication systems, human language is_____. |
| A.stimulus free B.stimulus bound C.under immediate stimulus control D.stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest |
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| In contrast with learning, ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. |
| A.interference B.instruction C.acquisition D.correction |
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| ____ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. |
| A.Pragmatics B.Semantics C.Sense relation D.concept |
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| Steress in English is used to ____ semantically important words, |
| A.signal B.stand out C.simplify D.single |
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| The ___________ approach was founded on the belief that it was possible to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the errors they would make by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and targer language systems. |
| A.erro analysis B.contrastive analysis C.componential analysis D.historical and comparative linguistics |
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| ___ is advanced by Paul Grice. |
| A.Cooperative principle B.The general principle of universal grammar C.Politeness principle D.Adjacency principle |
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| Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker. This feature is called ____. |
| A.displacement B.duality C.flexibility D.cultural transmission |
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| The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative _____. |
| A.Content B.Context C.Response D.answer |
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| ____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. |
| A.Syntax B.Grammar C.Morphology D.Morpheme |
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| _________ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities. |
| A.Psycholinguistics B.Sociolinguistics C.Historical linguistics D.General linguistics |
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| In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in the ______ half of the child's second year. |
| A.early B.late C.first D.second |
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| _____ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. |
| A.Polysemy B.Hyponymy C.Antonymy D.homonymy |
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| According to Chomsky’s Standard theory, _______ contain all the information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentence. |
| A.PS-rules B.deep structure C.Transitional rules D.Surface structure |
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| As regards the relationship between language and thought, those who hold that thinking and speaking are the same activity are said to be ____________. |
| A.empiricists B.behaviorists C.mentalists D.structuralists |
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| The number of the closed-class words is ____ and no new members are regularly added. |
| A.large B.small C.fixed D.limitless |
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| ____ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. |
| A.roots B.prefixes C.suffixes D.free morphemes |
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| A sentence is a _____ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. |
| A.Pragmatic B.Grammatical C.Mental D.conceptual |
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| The soft palate is also called ____. |
| A.velum B.uvula C.alveolus D.vocal cord |
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| In some sense the existence of taboo words stimulates the creation of _______, serving as substitutes for the offensive language. |
| A.euphemisms B.taboo expressions C.address terms D.slang terms |
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| Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are ____. |
| A.stems B.affixes C.suffixes D.prefixes |
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| _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. |
| A.Pragmatics B.Pragmatism C.Phonology D.pacticalism |
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| There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ____. |
| A.derivational affixes B.free morpheme C.inflectional affixes D.free form |
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| The feature that the details of the linguistics system must be learned anew refers to ____. |
| A.displacement B.cultural transmission C.schooling D.studying |
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| In first language acquisition, imitation plays ______________. |
| A.a minor role B.a significant role C.a basic role D.no rule |
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| Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____. |
| A.How words and phrases form sentences B.What constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.How people produce and recognize possible sentences D.All of the above |
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| Sciolinguists have concentrated on the language used by an individual which is known as the ________. |
| A.dialect B.sociolect C.idiolect D.idiot |
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| The utterance “ we are already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” obviously violates the maxim of _____. |
| A.Quality B.Quantity C.Relation D.Manner |
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| Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible. |
| A.mouth B.lips C.tongue D.vocal cords |
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| ______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. |
| A.Speaking B.Speech C.Sound D.spoken |
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| A scientific study of language is based on the ____investigation of language data. |
| A.symbolic B.systemic C.systematic D.system |
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| The optimum age for second language acquision is _________. |
| A.early teenage B.after puberty C.before puberty D.after the brain laterlization |
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| All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same ______, but they differ in their strength or force. |
| A.Illocutionary act B.Illocutionary point C.Locutionary act D.Perlocutionary act |
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| If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _____. |
| A.A sentence B.An act C.A unit D.An utterance |
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| what is 'standard dialect'? is there only one form of standard variety in English? |
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| in what aspects do linguistics and language teaching differ? |
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| what abilities does Aptitude Test try to measure? |
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| What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? |
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| What are the major functions of language? |
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| what is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in terms of linguistic determinism? |
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| Compare derivational affixes and inflectional affixes in English. |
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| What are the five stages of TG Grammar? |
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| What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? |
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| How does a sentence differ from an utterance? |
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| ( ) The voiced dental fricative is /z/. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) In English, we have the syllable structure of CCCVCCCC. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) In the following pair of sentences, sentence (b) presupposes sentence (a): (a) John managed to finish in time. (b) John tried to finish in time. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) Semanticly, BEEF is excluded in MEAT. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( )The sound /p/ in the word “expensive” is pronounced as a voiceless consonant. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) A root is not always a free form. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) “Kids” and “children” are synonyms despite their stylistic difference. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| R_______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality. |
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| There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. |
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| Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, “-or”, “-hood” are called d____ affixes. |
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| D____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units. |
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| The notion of c________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. |
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| Modern linguistics gives priority to the s____ form of language. |
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| Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k____ of the rules of his language. |
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| The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p_____. |
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| S______ is a phenomenon in semantics, referring to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. |
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| P______ were sentences that did not state a fact of describe a state, and were not verifiable. |
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| Language exists in time and change through time. The description of a language at some of point of time is called a s____ study of language. |
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| E______ is a relation of inclusion. |
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| R_______ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality. |
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| H_____ are written identically but sound differently. |
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| F____ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be stood freely all by themselves. |
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| I____ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, degree, and case. |
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| IPA stands for International Phonetic A____. |
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| The long vowels are all t____ vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels. |
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| Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. |
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| If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d____. |
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| How many kinds of meaning did G. Leech find and study? |
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| what's the difference between pidgins and creoles? |
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| What does pragmatics study? how does it differ from semantics? |
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| What are the differences between a root and a stem? |
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| ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system of sound. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) A sentence is a grammatical unit and an utterance is a pragmatic notion. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| A l_______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. |
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| The long vowels are all t____ vowels and the short vowels are lax vowels. |
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| The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meanings, words that are opposite in meaning are a______. |
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| P____ is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language. |
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| The description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. |
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| C_______ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. |
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| When two different form are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a m____ pair. |
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| That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c_____ antonyms. |
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| A s____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. |
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| When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_______. |
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| Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme, and allophone, and also how they are related. |
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| ( ) After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor” with “At the end of the corridor, they stopped”, you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) The words “water” and “teacher” have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) “Tulip”, “rose”, and “violet” are all included in the notion of “flower”, therefore they are superordinates of “flower”. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) The word “hour” contains a diphthong and a pure vowel. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) The meaning relationship between MAN and GROEN-UP is hyponymous because the semantic features of MAN are included in those of GROWN-UP. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) All words contain a root morpheme. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( )The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) /n/ is one of syllabic consonants. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| ( ) Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation. |
| A.正确 B.错误 |
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| Linguistics is generally defined as the s____ study of language. |
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| The description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. |
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| Language exists in time and change through time. The description of a language at some of point of time is called a s____ study of language. |
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| Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic c______. |
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| P_______ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on. |
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| The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is l__________. |
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| The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meanings, words that are opposite in meaning are a______. |
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| If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d____. |
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| P_______ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on. |
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| There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. |
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| P______ were sentences that did not state a fact of describe a state, and were not verifiable. |
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